English Grammar [Notes]

PARTS OF SPEECH

There are 8 parts of speech:

1. Noun

Noun is the name of person, place or thing.

Example- Radha, Table, Chair, Pen, Kolkata, London etc.

2. Pronoun

The word which is used in the place of Noun.

Example- He, she, it, they, we, you, I etc.

3. Verb

The word which tells what a noun or pronoun does. It is an action word.

Example- Smile, read, sit, see, tease, yawn, laugh, play etc.

4. Adjective

The word which qualifies or describes a noun or a pronoun.

Example- 

He is an honest man.

Raju is a lazy boy.

We are smart guys.

5. Adverb

The word that adds something to the meaning of the verb, adjective or any other other adverb in the sentence.

Example- 

Raju is very lazy boy.

We are quite smart guys.

Kohli plays well.

Lata sings very sweetly. 

6. Preposition

It is the word that shows relation of one noun or pronoun with some other noun or pronoun in the sentence.

Example- 

I write with pen.

They came to school today.

I am proud of my school.

The teacher is in the class.

Some more preposition words are- through, above, below, at, from, over, beside, on, into, upon.

More Example-

Our class consists of 20 pupils.

Our's is the last house in the street.

Nothing can live on the moon.

They sat for a while on the bank.

He lay on the ungathered rice.

7. Conjunction

Conjunction is a word that joins two words or two sentences.

Example- 

Ram and Shyam went to the market.

I did not come to school because I was sick.

The day is hot but the night is cool.

8. Interjection

Interjection is the word that express sudden feeling of joy, sadness, surprise etc.

Example- Wow! Oh! Hurray! Alas! Ouch!

He died. We may live. -> He died that we may live.

I prayed. I may pass. -> I prayed, so that I may pass.

He was very sick. He could not get up from the bed. -> He was so sick, that he could not get up from bed.

He broke the jug. He was not punished. -> He broke the jug but he was not punished.

SENTENCE

A sentence is group of words which makes a complete sense.

Example- 

I am going to school.

Ramesh works hard.

PART OF SENTENCE

Subject and Predicate are two part of a sentence.

1. Subject

Subject is that part of sentence which contains a noun or a pronoun.

Example- 

Ram is a good boy.

I am going to school.

2. Predicate

Predicate is that part of sentence which tell something about the subject.

Example- 

Ram is a good boy.

I am going to school.

Exercise:

He was so weak that he died (Compound Sentence)

He was so weak & therefore, he died.

They seem to be all alive. There are important differences between them (Join by although)

Although, they seem to be all alive, there are important differences between them.

The world population will be doubled by the year 2000. This is predicted. (Use 'It' as introductory)

It is predicted that the world population will be doubled by the year 2000.

USE OF ARTICLES

[Adjective A, An, The]

'a' & 'an' - Indefinite articles

'the' - Definite Articles

'a' is used before the word that sounds consonants

Example:

a book

a Chair

a university

a european

a C.J.

'an' is used before the word that sounds vowel

an honest man

an hotel

an heir

an S.D.O.

an M.A.

an hour

'the' is used before the names of mountains, river etc. also used before superlatives

The ganga is a holy river

Suresh is the cleaverest boy in the class.

The boy who was scolded yesterday, is absent today.

Rajesh went to the market.

Revise:

Copper is -a useful metal

Mumbai is -a very dear place to live in.

She is -an untidy girl.

I bought -a horse, -an ox & -a buffalo.

English is -a language of -the people of England.

DETERMINERS

Determiners are those adjectives which determines the quality & number of nouns.

Examples- Some, any, little, many, much, more,few, less, enough, great, so, too etc.

Some, much, little are used before UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS.

Any, many, few are used before COUNTABLE NOUNS.

More, less, enough, great, so, too are used in BOTH the cases.

Revise-

I want to buy -few kilos of milk.

I drank -little milk from the glass.

There is enough money with me.

Do you have seen -any moview in this week?

Please give me -some -more chapaties to eat.

My friend is of -great help to me.

I am -so tired that I cannot do work.

My class teacher is -too good to commit mistakes.

USE OF MODALS

Future verbs (Modals) -

can, could, shall, should, will, would, may, might, must, ought to, need to, have to.

1- (Bhavishya)Shall, should is used with 1st person.

2- Will, would is used with 2nd and 3rd person.

3- Must mean compulsory. (Hona hi h, karna hi h)

Examples-

You must follow the rules of the school.

You must obey the laws.

4- Has, have & had is used with 3rd form of the verb.

You should have talked loudly.

He will have broken the jug.

5- May & might is used with uncertain sentences, permissions & entreaty. (Nishchit na hona)

He might have slept long.

May god bless you.

INFINITIVES

It is a VERB that does the work of the NOUN. 

It is also called VERBAL NOUN.

Except in some cases, it is always used after 'to'.

The Infinitive should be the 1st form & singular form of the verb.

Examples-

We eat to live.

The teacher ordered to sit down.

To go there he wants a bycycle.

They tried to find fault in me.

To respect the rules of nation is our duty.

CO-ORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

The conjunctions which join principal clause with sub-ordinate clause are called co-ordinating conjunctions.

CLAUSE OR PHRASE

CLAUSE

A part of sentence containing a subject & predicate is called a clause.

Examples-

I am not well today.

I kept the book where I could find easily.

I cams home when the sun set.

Clause is of two kinds:

PRINCIPAL CLAUSE: 

Also called main or independent clause.

It is a part of sentence containing subject & predicate but does not depend on any other clause to make complete sense.

Example-

The birds return home.

I will not attend the school.

The old man is very weak.

SUBORDINATE CLAUSE:

It is a part of sentence containing subject & predicate but depends on principal clause to complete its sense.

Example-

When the sun set.

As I am sick.

That he cannot move.

SUBORDINATE CLAUSE is of 3 types:

NOUN CLAUSE:

The Subordinate clause that does the work of a noun isa called Noun Clause.

Example-

I said that he is sick.

You believed that she would help you.

I know that when you will go to the market.

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE:

The Subordinate clause that qualifies a noun in the principal clause.

Example-

The chain which is made of gold, was lost.

The chair that you broken, went for repairing.

The place where I was born is in Madhya Pradesh.

ADVERB CLAUSE:

The Subordinate clause which describes a verb in the principal clause.

Example-

I spoke to the headmaster, when you were not there.

If you invite me, I will come to the party.

She lost the rank because she was careless.

ADVERB CLAUSE is of 8 types:

1. ADVERB CLAUSE OF PLACE

Example-

I will come wherever you go.

The book was found where it was kept.

2. ADVERB CLAUSE OF TIME

Example-

The postman delivered the letter in your house you were not there.

The thif steals whenever there is nobody in the house.

3. ADVERB CLAUSE OF COMPARISON

Example-

You are taller than me.

I wrote as he wrote.

4. ADVERB CLAUSE OF PURPOSE- so that (together)

Example-

I worked hard so that I may pass.

5. ADVERB CLAUSE OF CONDITION- if, unless

Example-

If it rains, I shall use umbrella.

If you invite me, I shall come to your party.

Unless you invite me, I shall not come to your party.

6. ADVERB CLAUSE OF RESULT or CONSEQUENCE- so that (separated)

Example-

He is so weak, that he cannot move.

He is so honest, that he did not copy in the exam.

7. ADVERB CLAUSE OF CONCESSION or SUPPOSITION

Example-

Though he is poor, he is honest.

Although I invited you, you did not come.

Even if you punish him, he will not do the homework.

8. ADVERB CLAUSE OF REASON

Example-

As it rained, I could not come to school.

He failed because he did not learn.

Since, you were not present, I gave the letter to your mother.

Exercise:

Because he did not work hard. - Subordinate clause

The school is far away from home. - Principal clause

If you don't invite me. - Subordinate clause

The rose is a beautiful flower. - Principal clause

Unless you speak in English. - Subordinate clause

PHRASE

A part of sentence which makes incomplete sense is called phrase.

Examples-

in the east

above our head

after the school